In 2024, which spacecraft successfully retrieved lunar samples from the far side of the Moon?
A
Luna 25
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B
Chang`e-6
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C
Artemis I
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D
Vikram Lander
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Explanation
China`s Chang`e-6 brought lunar samples from the far side of the Moon in 2024.
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Question ID: 8682
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Consider the following statement:
Assertion (A): An antibody is represented as H2L2.
Reason (R): An antibody has two heavy chains and two light chains.
Choose the correct options:
A
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
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B
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
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C
(A) is true but (R) is false
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D
(A) is false but (R) is true
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Explanation
Antibody structure consists of 2 heavy and 2 light chains (H2L2).
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A complement component that is strongly chemotactic for neutrophils is:
A
C3
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B
C3b
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C
C5a
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D
C5b
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Explanation
C5 a acts as a strong chemotactic factor attracting neutrophils.
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Question ID: 8680
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Match the Antibody Types with their functions.
Column -A(Antibody Type) Column -B (Found in)
i. IgA 1. Blood and extracellular fluid
ii. IgG 2. Surface of immature B cells
iii. IgD 3. Basophils and mastocytes
iv. IgE 4. Mucosal secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk
A
i-4, ii-1, iii-2, iv-3
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B
i-3, ii-4, iii-1, iv-2
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C
i-1, ii-4, iii-2, iv-3
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D
i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3
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Explanation
i. IgA — 4. Mucosal secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk
ii. IgG — 1. Blood and extracellular fluid
iii. IgD — 2. Surface of immature B cells
iv. IgE — 3. Basophils and mastocytes
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Question ID: 8679
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B lymphocytes are involved in response to bacterial infection. Which of the following processes would typically be carried out? I. Cell division by mitosis
II. Transcription producing mRNA
III. Engulfing and digesting bacteria
A
I and II only
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B
III only
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C
I and III only
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D
I only
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Explanation
B lymphocytes divide and produce antibodies but do not engulf bacteria like phagocytes.
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In humans, what are MHCs called as ________?
A
HHC
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B
HLA
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C
HAT
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D
HPFC
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Explanation
In humans, MHCs are known as HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens).
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Select the correct statements regarding the receptors of the innate immune system: I. They are included in the Toll family.
II. They include MHC complexes.
III. They recognize molecular patterns.
IV. They include scavenger receptors.
A
I, III, and IV
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B
I and II
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C
III and IV
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D
II and IV
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Explanation
Innate receptors include Toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, and recognize molecular patterns. MHC is adaptive.
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Which is the correct order of activities showcased by endogenous antigens?
A
i-iii-ii
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B
iii-ii-i
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C
ii-iii-i
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D
iii-i-ii
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Explanation
Endogenous antigen pathway: Peptide generated by proteolysis ? Transport to ER ? Binding to MHC I.
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Which of the following co-receptors recognizes the beta2 microglobulin subunit of class I MHCs?
A
CD24
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B
CD4
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C
CD8
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D
CD16
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Explanation
CD8 co-receptor recognizes MHC class I molecules, interacting with beta2 microglobulin.
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Match the Cytokines with Their Functions.
A
i-4, ii-1, iii-2, iv-3
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B
i-1, ii-2, iii-4, iv-3
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C
i-3, ii-4, iii-1, iv-2
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D
i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4
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Explanation
IL-1 promotes inflammation and fever, IL-2 stimulates T-cell growth, IFN-? regulates immune responses, TNF-? plays a role in inflammation and apoptosis.
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