Moinuddin Chishti, also known as Gharib Nawaz “Benefactor of the Poor” was the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order of the Indian Subcontinent who introduced and established the order in South Asia. Dargah Sharif or Ajmer Sharif is a sufi shrine of sufi saint, Moinuddin Chishti located at Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. The shrine has the grave (Maqbara) of the revered saint, Moinuddin Chisti. It is said that the brass candlesticks taken from the Kalika temple after its destruction were given to the Dargah Sharif shrine of Moinuddin Chishti is in Ajmer, a shrine that Akbar vowed to rebuild after his victory.

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Isa Muhammad Effendi or Ustad Isa was a Persian architect from Iran he and his colleague Ismail Effendi entered the service of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV and the Mughals exchanged ambassadors. Isa Muhammad Effendi is often described as the chief architect of the Taj Mahal. Recent research suggests the Persian architect, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri was the most likely candidate as the chief architect of the Taj, an assertion based on a claim made in writings by Lahauri’s son Lutfullah Muhandis.

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The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and 1192 near the town of Tarain, near Thanesar in present-day Haryana, between the Muslim Ghurid army led by Sultan Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri and the Hindu Rajput army led by Prithviraj Chauhan. Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain which led the foundation of the Sultanate of Delhi. Delhi remained under Muslim rule for over six centuries till 1857.

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Tarabai was skilled in cavalry movement, and made strategic movements herself during wars. She personally led the war and continued the insurgency against the Mughals. A truce was offered to the Mughals in such way that it was promptly rejected by the Mughal emperor, and Tarabai continued the Maratha resistance.

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Mullah Abd-ul-Qadir Bada`uni was an Indo-Persian historian and translator living during the Mughal period in India. Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar appointed him to the religious office in the royal courts in 1574 where he spent much of his career. He translated the Hindu works, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The most notable work of Bada`uni is Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh (Selection of Chronicles) or Tarikh-i-Bada`uni (Bada`uni`s History) which is a general History of the Muslims of India

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The All India Home Rule League was a national political organization founded in 1916 to lead the national demand for self-government, termed Home Rule, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland at the time. Between 1916 and 1918, when the war was closing, prominent Indians like Joseph Baptista, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, G. S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer and the leader of the Theosophical Society, Annie Besant decided to organize a national alliance of leagues across India, specifically to demand Home Rule, or self-government within the British Empire for all of India. Tilak founded the first League in the city of Pune, Maharashtra

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The British-administered territories in India were expanded in three successive waves. The first wave (A.D. 1757-66) brought under direct British rule Bengal, Bihar, and the Northern Circars along the north-west shore of the Bay of Bengal; the second (A.D. 1790-1818) brought the Carnatic, the Upper Ganges Basin, and the Western Deccan; the third (A.D. 1843-9) brought the Indus Basin. In the Battle of Plassey, a British army of 2800 British soldiers and sepoys routed a Bengali army of 100,000 men. Clive`s victories over the Bengalis and French made the British East Indies Company a major power in India, able to install its own candidate on the Mughal throne and claim the wealthy province of Bengal for itself. British power, plus the fact that their “honorable masters” in England were 7000 miles and nine months travel away, left India wide open to exploitation by the company and its employees

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Although the Indian Post Office was established in 1837, Asia`s first adhesive stamp, the Scinde Dawk, was introduced in 1852 by Sir Bartle Frere, the British East India Company`s administrator of the province of Sind. The first stamps valid for postage throughout India were placed on sale in October, 1854 with four values: 1/2 anna, 1 anna, 2 annas, and 4 annas. These stamps were issued following a Commission of Inquiry which had carefully studied the postal systems of Europe and America. The new system was recommended by the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie and adopted by the East India Company`s Court of Directors. It introduced “low and uniform” rates for sending mail efficiently throughout the country within the jurisdiction of the East India Company.

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The history of Indian telecom can be started with the introduction of telegraph. The Indian postal and telecom sectors are one of the world`s oldest. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph line was started between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour. In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. Subsequently, the construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata (then Calcutta) and Peshawar in the north along with Agra, Mumbai (then Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats, and Chennai (then Madras) in the south, as well as Ootacamund and Bangalore was started in November 1853. William O`Shaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public.

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Dayananda Saraswati was an important Hindu religious scholar, reformer, and founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement. He was the first to give the call for Swarajya– “India for Indians” – in 1876, later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak. Since he was born under Mul Nakshatra, he was named “Moolshankar”, and led a comfortable early life, studying Sanskrit, the Vedas and other religious texts to prepare himself for a future as a Hindu priest.

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The Swadeshi movement, part of the Indian independence movement and the developing Indian nationalism, was an economic strategy aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India by following the principles of swadeshi (self-sufficiency), which had some success. Strategies of the Swadeshi movement involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products and production processes. The Swadeshi Movement started with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, 1905 and continued up to 1908.

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The 19th century awakening in India was on the hand led by the very presence of the British rule in India and the education of the middle classes. The soil for the growth of Indian nationalism and political awakening was prepared by the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century. Although the English educated class was a minority of the whole population of India but its influence and leadership could mould public opinion as the newspapers, educational institutions and the advocates of the legal courts were all greatly influenced by the opinion of this group.

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Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the draining of India’s wealth into Britain. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British Member of Parliament. He is also credited with the founding of the Indian National Congress, along with A.O. Hume and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.

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The Permanent Settlement was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793, by the Company administration headed by Charles, Earl Cornwallis. It formed one part of a larger body of legislation enacted known as the Cornwallis Code

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The logo of the Reserve Bank of India comprises a tiger walking underneath a palm tree. When RBI was created, it was decided that the reverse of Double Mohur, the Lion and Palm design should be used as the emblem of RBI. The last minute modification was made introducing Tiger instead of Lion

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The principal source of States own tax revenues is sales tax which accounts for about 60 per cent of the total. The other major components of States own tax revenues according to their revenue share are State excise, registration and stamp duty, motor vehicle and passenger tax, electricity duty, land revenues, profession tax, entertainment taxes and other sundry taxes. In the wake of economic reforms, several States competitively announced various tax concessions, especially sales tax concessions, to attract private investments. These tax wars resulted in considerable reduction in the buoyancy of growth of tax revenues of the States without commensurate gains in terms of private investment.

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The immediate effect of devoting a larger share of national output to investment is that the economy devotes a smaller share to consumption; that is, “living standards” as measured by consumption fall. The higher investment rate means that the capital stock increases more quickly, so the growth rates of output and output per worker rise. According to Smith, in a developing economy, both income level and capital stock rise. In addition to this, the rate of capital accumulation also shows a tendency to increase. This leads to increase in the capital stock in successive periods as investment keeps on increasing. Another important factor which contributes to the progress of an economy is the successive decline in the incremental capital-output ratio due to the influence of capital on the productivity of labour

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The proceeds of income tax are compulsorily shareable between the Centre and the States. It is imposed and collected by the Central government but the proceeds are shared between the both. The share of the states in the net proceeds of income tax has varied from 55 per cent as under the First Finance Commission to 85 per cent as under the ninth Commission. regarding criterion for fixation of the shares of individual states, the percentage of the net proceeds of income tax assigned to them, the first to seventh finance commissions recognised ‘population’ and contribution to be the relevant factors. So a major portion of the proceeds of income tax goes to the states. But, the truth is they are shared between the centre and the states.

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National Income is one of the basic concepts in macroeconomics. National Income means the total income of the nation. The aggregate economic performance of the whole economy is measured by the national income data. National Income refers to the money value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country while working both within and outside the domestic territory of a country in an accounting year. National Income also includes net factor income from abroad. Symbolically, Y = PG + PS, where, Y = National Income; P = Price; G = Goods; and S = Service.

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Commercial banks are classified into two:
(a) Scheduled banks and
(b) other banks. A scheduled bank is one which is included in the second schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
A scheduled bank should comply with the following terms:
(i) It must have paid up capital and reserves as specified; and
(ii) the activities to be carried out should not be detrimental to the interests of the depositors; and
(iii) it should be incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956, that is, it should not be the sole trader for

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The framers of Indian Constitution adopted the feature of `written constitution` from USA. The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world. The other features borrowed from the US Constitution include: an executive head of state known as President; provision of fundamental rights; independence of the judiciary; etc.

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The Government of India The Government of India Act 1858, known as the Act for the Good Government of India, provided for liquidation of East India Company, and transferred the powers of government, territories and revenues to the British Crown. The Company`s territories in India were vested in the Queen, the Company ceasing to exercise its power and control over these territories. India was to be governed in the Queen`s name. Act 1858, known as the Act for the Good Government of India, provided for liquidation of East India Company, and transferred the powers of government, territories and revenues to the British Crown. The Company`s territories in India were vested in the Queen, the Company ceasing to exercise its power and control over these territories. India was to be governed in the Queen`s name.

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The Tropic of Cancer passes through the following eight states in India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

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Vembanad Lake of Kerala is the longest lake in India with a length of 95.6 km. Besides, with a sur- face area of 2033 km², it is the largest lake in Kerala and spans several districts of the state. The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is conducted in a portion of the lake.

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