Tavernier gives a detailed and vivid description of the “Peacock Throne” in his book Le Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier- The Six Voyages of J. B. Tavernier. It was during Tavernier`s sixth voyage to India, which he undertook between 1663 and 1668, he had the privilege of visiting the court of the great Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, at Jahanabad, at the invitation of the Emperor himself. The main purpose of Tavernier`s invitation to the Emperor`s court, was for the Emperor to inspect whatever jewels Tavernier had brought from the west, with a view of purchasing them. The description of the throne appears in Chapter VIII of Volume II of his book, which concerns about preparations for the Emperor`s annual birthday festival, during which he is solemnly weighed every year, and also about the splendor of his thrones and the magnificence of his court. Tavernier`s account of the Peacock Throne is the most comprehensive account of the throne available to modern historians.

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The Portuguese State of India was established in 1505 as a viceroyalty of the Kingdom of Portugal, six years after the discovery of a sea route between Portugal and India, to serve as the plenipotentiary governing body of a string of Portuguese fortresses and colonies overseas. In the year 1509, Alfonso de Albuquerque was appointed the second governor of the Portuguese possessions in the East. In 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque defeated the Bijapur sultans with the help of Timayya, on behalf of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa).

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Samarth Ramdas was a prominent Marathi saint and religious poet in the Hindu tradition in Maharashtra, India. Samarth Ramdas was a devotee of Lord Hanuman and Lord Rama. His birth name was Narayan Suryajipant Kulkarni Thosar. Ramdas was the political strategist and spiritual guru of Shivaji. It is said that Shivaji Maharaj requested Shri Ramdas swami to move his residence to a fort named Parali & establish his permanent monastery there. The fort was subsequently renamed Sajjangad - Fort of the sacred.

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Vijayanagara is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. It is the name of the now-ruined capital city that surrounds modern-day Hampi, of the historic Vijayanagara empire which extended over the southern part of India. The name translates as City of Victory, from vijaya (victory) and nagara (city). As the prosperous capital of the largest and most powerful kingdom of its time in all of India, Vijayanagara attracted people from all around the world.

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Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the President of Constituent Assembly on 11 December, 1946. On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the nation’s first President. He served as the President of constituent assembly.

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The Government of India Act 1935 provided for the establishment of a “Federation of India”, to be made up of both British India and some or all of the “princely states”. The parts of the Act intended to establish the Federation of India never came into operation, due to opposition from rulers of the princely states. It also provided for the establishment of a Federal Court.

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Thoothukudi, also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District. Thoothukudi is also known as “Pearl City”. Thoothukudi is in South India, on the Gulf of Mannar, about 590 kilometres southwest of Chennai.

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The Hoolock Gibbon, the only ape species in India, is found in Assam, Arunachla Pradesh and Bhutan only. The Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, formerly known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or Hollongapar Reserve Forest, is an isolated protected area of evergreen forest located in Assam, India. The sanctuary was officially constituted and renamed in 1997. On 30 July 1997, in notification, the sanctuary was constituted under the civil district of Jorhat and named it the “Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary” after the only apes found in India: the hoolock gibbons (genus Hoolock). It is the only sanctuary in India named after a gibbon due to its distinction for containing the densest gibbon populations in Assam.

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India is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,166,414 square kilometres. India measures 3,214 km from north to south and 2,933 km from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km and a coastline of 7,517 km.

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The Fourth Estate (or fourth estate) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. “Fourth Estate” most commonly refers to the news media; especially print journalism or “The Press”. Thomas Carlyle attributed the origin of the term to Edmund Burke, who used it in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of Press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain.

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National emergency under article 352 of the Indian Constitution is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution. It modifies the federal system of government to a unitary one.

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Article 16 of the Constitution of India is a bundle of contradictions, as on the one hand it deals with equality of opportunity in matters of public employment, and, on the other, it enables the government to provide for reservation in public employment. Article 16 provides that there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in the matters of employment or appointment to any office under the State. This Article also provides that no citizen shall be ineligible for any office or employment under the State on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth or any of them.

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Under the Residuary powers of legislation enumerated in Article 248 of the Indian Constitution, Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List. Such power shall include the power of making any law imposing a tax not mentioned in either of those Lists

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The Emergency Provisions are mentioned from Article 352 to Article 360 of the Indian Constitution. Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency - due to external intrusion or war; Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States; and Article 360: Provisions as to financial emergency.

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Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all citizens shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. It means that the State cannot discriminate any of the Indian citizens on the basis of their caste, creed, colour, sex, gender, religion or place of birth.

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Article 370 of the Indian constitution grants special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir. Similar protections for unique status exist in tribal areas of India including those in Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Nagaland however it is only for the state of Jammu and Kashmir that the accession of the state to India is still a matter of dispute between India and Pakistan still on the agenda of the UN Security Council.

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The Coromandel Coast is the name given to the southeastern coast of the Indian Subcontinent between Cape Comorin and False Divi Point. It may also include the southeastern coast of the island of Sri Lanka. The eastern coastal strip is known as the Coramandel Coast (or Payan Ghat in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu). It varies in width from 100 to 130 km, and extends from the delta of the Godavari to Kanyakumari.

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Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km among the states of India, the longest coastline being that of Gujarat (1600 km). This long coastline provides a nesting ground for sea turtles, the backwaters, such as those of Pulicat, are feeding grounds for flamingos and Grey Pelicans among several hundred other species of birds, and the estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support mangrove vegetation and habitats for several faunal species.

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The Idukki Hydroelectric Project is the biggest hydroelectric Project in Kerala (India). It comprises of three dams at Idukki, Cheruthony and Kulamavu and related systems. The power house at Moolamattom is the longest underground power station in India and the pressure shaft is the largest in the country. The Idukki dam is one of the highest dams in the world and the first arch dam in India. Cheruthony is the largest and highest gravity dam in Kerala.

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Yarlung Tsangpo is a watercourse that originates at Tamlung Tso lake in western Tibet, southeast of Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar. It later forms the South Tibet Valley and Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, before passing through the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India, where it is known as the Dihang. Downstream from Arunachal Pradesh the river be- comes wider and at this point is called the Brahmaputra River. From Assam (India) the river enters Bangladesh at Ramnabazar.

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After election to Parliament, the members become entitled to certain amenities. These amenities are provided to members with a view to enable them to function effectively as Members of Parliament. Broadly speaking, the amenities provided to the members relate to salaries and allowances, travelling facilities, medical facilities, accommodation, telephones, etc. These are governed by the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954 and the rules made there under.

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There are certain constitutional functions which the President has to perform with respect to Parliament. The President of India has the power to summon and prorogue either of the two Houses of Parliament or to dissolve the Lok Sabha. While the Rajya Sabha is a continuing body, the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha vests in the President.

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The Tehri Dam is a multi-purpose rock and earth- fill embankment dam on the Bhagirathi River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India. It is the primary dam of the THDC India Ltd. and the Tehri hydroelectric complex. Tehri Dam withholds a reservoir for irrigation, municipal water supply and the generation of 1,000 MW of hydroelectricity. The Tehri Dam has been the object of protests by environmental organizations and local people of the region.

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The forest cover includes all lands which have a tree canopy density of more than ten percent when projected vertically on the horizontal ground, with a minimum areal extent of one hectare. Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest area in the country. Forest area of the state constitutes 31 per cent of the total area of the state. The forest area in the state constitutes about 12.44 per cent of the total forest area of India.

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